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Great Lakes Treaty Timeline

Welcome to the GRASAC Treaty Timeline!

This timeline is intended for treaty education and research. It is not complete or authoritative, and it continues to be developed. Many treaties have not yet been added to the timeline. Each event has many important stories and perspectives, and only a few are included here.

Hyperlinks in the timeline lead to pages with more information and resources for further research.

Treaty maps can be found at Native-Land.ca and the Map of Ontario Treaties and Reserves.

Preliminary information in this resource was compiled by Bradley Clements, Heidi Bohaker, and GRASAC RAs. Contributors of additions and corrections are accredited in square brackets.

If you have information, events, or sources to add to the timeline, or if you would like to make a correction to it, please contact us by clicking here. Miigwetch, nia:wen, merci, thank you.

DateTreaty/MeetingPlacesNationsNegotiations
1142, August 31Haudenosaunee ConfederationOnondagaKanyen’kehà:ka; Oneida; Onondaga; Cayuga; SenecaThe Great Law of Peace
c. mid-1100sDish With One SpoonLake Ontario regionHaudenosaunee; later extended to Anishinaabeg and othersSharing and caring for land and food sources
1603
TadoussacFrench; Montagnais; Algonquin; MaliseetAlliance
1609
French-Huron AllianceFrench; WendatAlliance
1613
Two Row Wampum / KaswenthaFort Orange (Albany)Kanyen’kehà:ka; Dutch; later extended to BritishFriendship; sovereignty; co-existence
1624
Trois-RivièresFrench; HaudenosauneePeace agreement
1637Peace Path Belt and Double Calumet BeltWendat; Tionontate
c. 1639-1649Jesuit Missionary BeltWendat; French
1643
Fort Orange (Albany)Kanyen’kehà:ka; DutchAlliance
1645
Treaty of Trois-RivièresTrois-RivièresKanyen’kehà:ka; French; Wendat; Algonquin; Montagnais; AttikamekPeace agreement
c. 1600sBlack Hawk Belt / Saux BeltHaudenosaunee; SauxConclusion of Saux assistance to Haudenosaunee in resisting European territorial incursion
c. 1600sFrench Mission BeltHaudenosaunee; FrenchAllowing four missions in Haudenosaunee territory
1651
Treaty of SilleryNear QuébecJesuits; AbenakiReserve
1653
MontréalHaudenosaunee; FrenchFrench neutrality in Haudenosaunee conflicts
1664, September
Fort Albany TreatyAlbanyHaudenosaunee; BritishPassing Kaswentha from Dutch to British; gifts; protection
1665
Treaty of QuébecQuébecHaudenosaunee; French
1667
Treaty of QuébecQuébecKanyen’kehà:ka; Oneida; French and allies
1677
Covenant Chain Agreement / Treaty of AlbanyAlbanyHaudenosaunee (four of the five nations); British (New York; Maryland; Virginia)Foundation of relationship; almost annual councils occurred for the following century
1684
Treaty of La FamineLa FamineHaudenosaunee; FrenchPacifying a failed French campaign against the Haudenosaunee
1688
Failed negotiationFrench; Haudenosaunee
1691, June
Polishing Covenant ChainAlbanyHaudenosaunee; New YorkHaudenosaunee seeking to extend Covenant Chain to other British colonies
1694
Treaty of Albany
1694, May
ConferenceQuébecFrench and allies; Haudenosaunee
1697, February
ConferenceMontréalOneida; French
1697, February
ConferenceQuébecKanyen’kehà:ka; French
1697, August
ConferenceMontréalOneida; French
1697, November
ConferenceQuébecOneida; Onondaga; French
1699, January
ConferenceMontréalOneida; Onondaga; French
1699, March
ConferenceMontréalOnondaga; Oneida
1699, September
ConferenceMontréalOnondaga
1700, March
ConferenceMontréalOnondaga; Seneca; French
1700, July
ConferenceMontréalOnondaga; Seneca; French
1700, August
ConferenceOnondagaFrench; Haudenosaunee
1700, September
Treaty of MontréalMontréalHaudenosaunee (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, all also representing Oneida); La Montagne; Sault Iroquois; Abenaki; Huron-Petun; Odawa; French
1701Dish With One SpoonSault Ste. MarieHaudenosaunee; AnishinaabegExtension of the Dish With One Spoon
1701, March
ConferenceQuébecOnondaga; French
1701, May
ConferenceMichilimackinac
1701, June
ConferenceOnondagaFrench; Onondaga
1701, July 12 – 21
Nanfan TreatyAlbanyBritish; HaudenosauneeProtection of Haudenosaunee hunting grounds; land
1701, July 21 – 22
ConferenceKahnawake
1701, July 23 – August 7
The Great Peace of MontréalMontréalFrench; Haudenosaunee; Amikwa; Cree; Fox/Outagamis; Gens des Terres; Huron-Petun/Tionontati; Illinois; Kickapoo; Mascouten; Menominee; Miami; Mississauga; Nipissing; Odawa; Ojibwe/Saulteur; Potawatomi; Sauk; Timiskaming; Winnebago/Puant/OtchagraPeace among the parties; French arbitration; Dish With One Spoon extended
c. 1700sThree Rectangle Wampum BeltHaudenosaunee and/or Anishinaabeg
c. 1710-1812Four Nations Alliance BeltWendat
1722Tuscarora; HaudenosauneeThe Tuscarora nation joins the Haudenosaunee Confederacy
1723Haudenosaunee; British
c. 1730-1740William Penn BeltPennsylvaniaHaudenosaunee; British
1742Treaty of Easton
1744Treaty of LancasterShenandoah ValleyHaudenosaunee; BritishLand
1746Treaty of AlbanyAlbany
1748Treaty of LancasterHaudenosaunee; Lenape; BritishLand
c. 1750-1850Lenape; Anishinaabeg
1752, June 13Treaty of LogstownLogstownLand
1753, JuneConferenceNew YorkHaudenosaunee; BritishMending the Covenant Chain
1753, SeptemberConferenceNew YorkHaudenosaunee; BritishMending the Covenant Chain
1754Treaty of Albany CongressAlbanyLand
1758Treaty of EastonEastonBritish; Haudenosaunee; Susquehanna; Lenape; OhioSeven Years War Alliance
1760, September 5Murray TreatyLongueuilWendat; British
1760Treaty of Oswegatchie
1760Treaty of Kahnawake
1760, DecemberTreaty of DetroitDetroit Odawa; Ojibwe; British; Haudenosaunee
1762Treaty of LancasterPennsylvania
1764, JanuaryConferencesBritish; HaudenosauneeRoyal Proclamation
1764, July-AugustTreaty of NiagaraFort NiagaraBritish; Odawa; Algonquin; Nipissing; Wendat; Cree; Haudenosaunee; peoples from as far as the Mississippi River, Hudson Bay, and Nova ScotiaRoyal Proclamation; peace; Two Row Wampum; extending the Covenant Chain
17661766 Wampum BeltAnishinaabeg and/or Haudenosaunee
1768, November 5Treaty of Fort StanwixFort StanwixHaudenosaunee; BritishLand
c. 1770-1780Beaver Wampum BeltSeneca; Wendat
1774Treaty of PittsburghVirginia; Continental Congress; Lenape; HaudenosauneeUSA western border
1775, JuneMichilimackinacDakota; OjibweTruce; trade
1779, December 4SanduskyMingo; Wendat; Lenape; Shawnee; BritishAlliance
1780Grand War CouncilWakeetomikeOjibwe; BritishAlliance
1781Mississauga TreatyNiagara
c. 1781-1794John Graves Simcoe Wampum BeltBritish; Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabeg, and/or Wendat
1783, October 9Crawford PurchaseNorth shore of the St. LawrenceBritish; MississaugaLand; Loyalist settlement
1783Treaty of ParisParis, FranceBritish; USAPeace and territory of Canada and the USA
1784, May 22Mississauga SurrenderGrand RiverBritish; MississaugaLand for Haudenosaunee re-settlement
1784, October 22Treaty of Fort StanwixFort StanwixSeneca; USALand
1784, October 25Haldimand Tract ProclamationGrand RiverBritish; HaudenosauneeLand; Haudenosaunee reservation
1785, January 21Treaty of Fort McIntoshPennsylvaniaUSA; Wyandotte; Lenape; Ojibwe; Odawa; ShawneeLand; captives; forts; Ohio country
1785New YorkNew York; OneidaIllegal land cession
1786Treaty of Fort FinneyMouth of the Great Miami RiverUSA; Wyandotte; Lenape; Shawnee
1787Toronto PurchaseTorontoBritish; MississaugaLand
1788Gunshot TreatyEast of TorontoBritish; MississaugaLand
1788New YorkNew York; OneidaIllegal land cession
1789, January 9Treaty of Fort Harmar
1791, May 14Haudenosaunee; USALand
1792Treaty of VincennesWabash; Peoria; Kaskaskia; Illenois Potawatomi; USA
1792Treaty 3
1794Jay TreatyUSA; Canada
1794Treaty of CanandaiguaNew YorkHaudenosaunee; USA
1795Treaty of GreenvilleGreenville, OhioUSA; Wyandot; Lenape; Shawnee; Odawa; Ojibwe;
Potawatomi; Miami; Kickapoo; Illinois
Land; sovereignty; pre-emption
1796St. Anne Island TreatyLake St. ClairBorder crossing
1797Treaty of Big TreeNew York stateSeneca; USALand
1797Treaty 8Brant Tract
1798, June 30St. Joseph’s IslandBritish; AnishinaabegLand
1805Treaty 13Toronto areaMississauga; BritishLand; Mississauga rights to fishing, camps, and cultivated land
1805Treaty of Fort IndustryWest of PennsylvaniaUSALand; Treaty of Grenville
1805New YorkUSA; OneidaDividing reserve between Oneida of different religions
1806Treaty 14Credit RiverMississauga; BritishLand
18071807 Wampum BeltOjibwe; BritishVisit to King George III
1807Treaty of DetroitDetroitUSALand
1807, March 13New York; Oneida
1808, November 25Treaty of BrownstownOjibwe; Odawa; Potawatomi; Wyandott; Shawanose; USALand; road building
1809Treaty of Fort WayneWabash; Lenape; USA
1809New YorkNew York; OneidaLand
1815Burlington Bay CouncilBurlington BayBritish; Haudenosaunee and other alliesReaffirmation of the Covenant Chain, Nanfan Treaty, and Great Peace of Montréal
1815Treaty of St. Anne IslandLake St. ClairBorder crossing
1815, November 17Treaty 16
1817, June 7CouncilYork garrison
1817, October 17CouncilKing township
1818, October 7Treaty 18Lake SimcoeOjibwe; BritishLand
1818, October 27-29Treaty 19Credit RiverMississauga; BritishLand
1818, November 5Treaty 20KawarthasMississauga; BritishLand
1819Treaty 21Mississauga; BritishLand
1819Treaty of SaginawUSA; AnishinaabegLand
1820, June 16Treaty 110Sault Ste. MarieMichigan Territory; AnishinaabegLand to establish a fort
1820ConferenceFort SnellingOjibwe; Dakota
1820Treaty 22MississaugaBritish; MississaugaLand; education
1820Treaty 23MississaugaBritish; MississaugaLand; education
1821Treaty of AmherstburgLake St. ClairBorder crossing
1821Treaty of ChicagoChicagoUSA; Odawa; PotawatomiLand
c. 1823John Brant BeltGrand RiverHaudenosauneeReminder of treaty relations between Haudenosaunee and British
1825, AugustTreaty of Prairie du ChienPrairie du ChienMichigan Territory; Anishinaabeg; DakotaPeace; boundaries; subsistence; citizenship
1826Treaty of Fond du LacLa PointeMichigan Territory; OjibweCitizenship; peace; land; criminal justice
c. 1830Red Jacket BeltHaudenosaunee
1836Washington Treaty of 1836Washington, DCUSA; Waganawkezee OdawaLand cession and use
1836Treaty of ManitowaningWiikwemkoongAnishinaabeg; BritishMovement to Manitoulin Island
1837Confluence of Mississippi and Minnesota RiversOjibwe; Dakota; USA
1838Second Treaty of Buffalo CreekHaudenosaunee; USALand; removal
1840, January 21-22Credit RiverAnishinaabeg; HaudenosauneeRenewal of relationship
1842Third Treaty of Buffalo CreekSeneca; USALand
1842, August 9Webster-Ashburton TreatyUSA; BritainCanada/USA border
1842, October 4Treaty of La PointeLa PointeOjibwe; USALand
1844, August 20Isle Royale AgreementLa PointeAnishinaabeg; USALand; affirmation of Treaty of La Pointe
1847, June 1Treaty 57 / St. Regis PurchaseSt. RegisHaudenosaunee; BritishLand
1847, August 2Fond du LacOjibwe; USA
1849, June 9Manitoulin IslandAnishinaabeg; HaudenosauneeRenewal of relationship; requesting to reside on Manitoulin Island
1850Robinson Superior TreatyAnishinaabeg; BritishLand; resources; subsistence; annuities
1850, September 9Robinson Huron TreatySault Ste. MarieAnishinaabeg; BritishLand; resources; subsistence; annuities
1854Treaty of La PointeLa PointeOjibwe; USALand; resources
1855Treaty of 1855Washington, DCOjibwe; USA
1855Treaty of DetroitDetroitAnishinaabeg; USARe-negotiation of 1836 Treaty of Washington
1857Fourth Treaty of Buffalo CreekTonawanda Seneca; USA
1862Manitoulin Island TreatyBritish; Anishinaabeg
1864, May 7Washington, DCOjibwe; USA
1867, March 19Washington, DCOjibwe; USA
1871, August 3Treaty 1 / Stone Fort TreatySouth ManitobaAnishinaabeg; Mushkekowuk; CanadaPeace; friendship; annuities; land
1871, August 21Treaty 2Manitoba HouseAnishinaabeg; Cree; CanadaReservations; land; rights
1873Treaty 3Canada; OjibweLand
1875Treaty 5Lake WinnipegCanada; Saulteaux; MushkekowukLand
1900, September 25Grand RiverMississauga; Haudenosaunee; CanadaCo-existence of Mississaugas of the Credit River and Six Nations of the Grand River
1905, July 12 – 1906, August 9Treaty 9North OntarioCree; Ojibwe; CanadaLand; reserves; subsistence; resources
1910Addition to Treaty 5Lake Winnipeg area
1921US v. BoylanNew YorkOneida; USALand
1923Williams TreatySouth OntarioMississauga; Canada; OntarioLand; harvesting rights
1923Williams TreatySouth OntarioOjibwe; Canada; OntarioLand; harvesting rights
1929Addition to Treaty 9North Ontario
1973Caution filedTeme-Augama AnishnabaiLand
1974Oneida I DecisionWashington, DCOneida; USALand
1977New YorkUSA; OneidaInvalidity of 1795 treaty
1979First ICO Specific ClaimsOntarioLand
1980Federal Recognition of Grand Traverse BandPeshawbestownGrand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians; USAFederal recognition
1985CN Rail Right-of-WayGrand RiverHaudenosaunee; CanadaLand
1986, FebruaryNishinawbe Aski Nation MOUNorth Ontario46 northern Ontario Anishinaabeg nations; Canada; OntarioCommitment to negotiate self-governance, land, services
1989, DecemberNishinawbe Aski Nation MOU AddendumNorth Ontario46 northern Ontario Anishinaabeg nations; Canada; OntarioCommitment to negotiate self-governance, land, services
1990, November 3Seneca Nation Land Claims SettlementNew YorkSeneca; USALand
1990, December 5Manitoulin Island Land SettlementManitoulin Island5 Anishinaabeg First Nations; OntarioLand; compensation
1991, August 6Statement of Political RelationshipOntarioMajority of Ontario First Nations; OntarioSelf-government
1991, October 15Hunting agreementAlgonquins of Golden Lake; Ontario
1992, October Hunting agreementAlgonquins of Golden Lake; Ontario
1991, DecemberNishnawbe-Aski First Nations Without Reserves AgreementNorth OntarioNishnawbe-Aski First Nation; Canada; OntarioLand; infrastructure
1992, June 2Framework of Guiding Principles for Future Fishing AgreementsOntarioAnishnabek Nation; OntarioFishing
1992, AugustTreaty of Co-existenceTeme-Augama Anishinabai; OntarioBeginning of negotiations
1994Federal Recognition of Little Traverse BandLittle Traverse BayLittle Traverse Bay Odawa; USAFederal recognition
1994R. v. HowardSouth OntarioMississauga; CanadaHarvesting rights
2000Algonquin Land ClaimOttawaAlgonquin of Pikwakanagan; CanadaLand
2010Toronto Purchase SettlementTorontoMississauga; CanadaLand
2010, JuneWilliams Treaty Settlement AgreementSouth OntarioMississauga; Ojibwe; CanadaHarvesting rights
2015, April 10 – 2018, April 30Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion TreatyTurtle Island150 First Nations, including 16 Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee First NationsInfrastructure; land
2018, November 17Alderville Settlement AgreementSouth OntarioMississauga; Ojibwe; Canada; OntarioLand; harvesting rights
2018, December 21Restoule v. CanadaNorth shore of Lake HuronAnishinaabeg; CanadaAnnuities

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