Welcome to the GRASAC Treaty Timeline!
This timeline is intended for treaty education and research. It is not complete or authoritative, and it continues to be developed. Many treaties have not yet been added to the timeline. Each event has many important stories and perspectives, and only a few are included here.
Hyperlinks in the timeline lead to pages with more information and resources for further research.
Treaty maps can be found at Native-Land.ca and the Map of Ontario Treaties and Reserves.
Preliminary information in this resource was compiled by Bradley Clements, Heidi Bohaker, and GRASAC RAs. Contributors of additions and corrections are accredited in square brackets.
If you have information, events, or sources to add to the timeline, or if you would like to make a correction to it, please contact us by clicking here. Miigwetch, nia:wen, merci, thank you.
| Date | Treaty/Event | Places | Nations | Negotiations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1142, August 31 | Haudenosaunee Confederation | Onondaga | Kanyen’kehà:ka; Oneida; Onondaga; Cayuga; Seneca | The Great Law of Peace |
| c. mid-1100s | Dish With One Spoon | Lake Ontario region | Haudenosaunee; later extended to Anishinaabeg and others | Sharing and caring for land and food sources |
| 1603 | Tadoussac | French; Montagnais; Algonquin; Maliseet | Alliance | |
| 1609 | French-Huron Alliance | French; Wendat | Alliance | |
| 1613 | Two Row Wampum / Kaswentha | Fort Orange (Albany) | Kanyen’kehà:ka; Dutch; later extended to British | Friendship; sovereignty; co-existence |
| 1624 | Trois-Rivières | French; Haudenosaunee | Peace agreement | |
| 1637 | Peace Path Belt and Double Calumet Belt | Wendat; Tionontate | ||
| c. 1639-1649 | Jesuit Missionary Belt | Wendat; French | ||
| 1643 | Fort Orange (Albany) | Kanyen’kehà:ka; Dutch | Alliance | |
| 1645 | Treaty of Trois-Rivières | Trois-Rivières | Kanyen’kehà:ka; French; Wendat; Algonquin; Montagnais; Attikamek | Peace agreement |
| c. 1600s | Black Hawk Belt / Saux Belt | Haudenosaunee; Saux | Conclusion of Saux assistance to Haudenosaunee in resisting European territorial incursion | |
| c. 1600s | French Mission Belt | Haudenosaunee; French | Allowing four missions in Haudenosaunee territory | |
| 1651 | Treaty of Sillery | Near Québec | Jesuits; Abenaki | Reserve |
| 1653 | Montréal | Haudenosaunee; French | French neutrality in Haudenosaunee conflicts | |
| 1664, September | Fort Albany Treaty | Albany | Haudenosaunee; British | Passing Kaswentha from Dutch to British; gifts; protection |
| 1665 | Treaty of Québec | Québec | Haudenosaunee; French | |
| 1667 | Treaty of Québec | Québec | Kanyen’kehà:ka; Oneida; French and allies | |
| 1677 | Covenant Chain Agreement / Treaty of Albany | Albany | Haudenosaunee (four of the five nations); British (New York; Maryland; Virginia) | Foundation of relationship; almost annual councils occurred for the following century |
| 1684 | Treaty of La Famine | La Famine | Haudenosaunee; French | Pacifying a failed French campaign against the Haudenosaunee |
| 1688 | Failed negotiation | French; Haudenosaunee | ||
| 1691, June | Polishing Covenant Chain | Albany | Haudenosaunee; New York | Haudenosaunee seeking to extend Covenant Chain to other British colonies |
| 1694 | Treaty of Albany | |||
| 1694, May | Conference | Québec | French and allies; Haudenosaunee | |
| 1697, February | Conference | Montréal | Oneida; French | |
| 1697, February | Conference | Québec | Kanyen’kehà:ka; French | |
| 1697, August | Conference | Montréal | Oneida; French | |
| 1697, November | Conference | Québec | Oneida; Onondaga; French | |
| 1699, January | Conference | Montréal | Oneida; Onondaga; French | |
| 1699, March | Conference | Montréal | Onondaga; Oneida | |
| 1699, September | Conference | Montréal | Onondaga | |
| 1700, March | Conference | Montréal | Onondaga; Seneca; French | |
| 1700, July | Conference | Montréal | Onondaga; Seneca; French | |
| 1700, August | Conference | Onondaga | French; Haudenosaunee | |
| 1700, September | Treaty of Montréal | Montréal | Haudenosaunee (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, all also representing Oneida); La Montagne; Sault Iroquois; Abenaki; Huron-Petun; Odawa; French | |
| 1701 | Dish With One Spoon | Sault Ste. Marie | Haudenosaunee; Anishinaabeg | Extension of the Dish With One Spoon |
| 1701, March | Conference | Québec | Onondaga; French | |
| 1701, May | Conference | Michilimackinac | ||
| 1701, June | Conference | Onondaga | French; Onondaga | |
| 1701, July 12 – 21 | Nanfan Treaty | Albany | British; Haudenosaunee | Protection of Haudenosaunee hunting grounds; land |
| 1701, July 21 – 22 | Conference | Kahnawake | ||
| 1701, July 23 – August 7 | The Great Peace of Montréal | Montréal | French; Haudenosaunee; Amikwa; Cree; Fox/Outagamis; Gens des Terres; Huron-Petun/Tionontati; Illinois; Kickapoo; Mascouten; Menominee; Miami; Mississauga; Nipissing; Odawa; Ojibwe/Saulteur; Potawatomi; Sauk; Timiskaming; Winnebago/Puant/Otchagra | Peace among the parties; French arbitration; Dish With One Spoon extended |
| c. 1710-1812 | Four Nations Alliance Belt | Wendat | ||
| 1722 | Tuscarora; Haudenosaunee | The Tuscarora nation joins the Haudenosaunee Confederacy | ||
| 1723 | Haudenosaunee; British | |||
| c. 1730-1740 | William Penn Belt | Pennsylvania | Haudenosaunee; British | |
| 1742 | Treaty of Easton | |||
| 1744 | Treaty of Lancaster | Shenandoah Valley | Haudenosaunee; British | Land |
| 1746 | Treaty of Albany | Albany | ||
| 1748 | Treaty of Lancaster | Haudenosaunee; Lenape; British | Land | |
| 1752, June 13 | Treaty of Logstown | Logstown | Land | |
| 1753, June | Conference | New York | Haudenosaunee; British | Mending the Covenant Chain |
| 1753, September | Conference | New York | Haudenosaunee; British | Mending the Covenant Chain |
| 1754 | Treaty of Albany Congress | Albany | Land | |
| 1758 | Treaty of Easton | Easton | British; Haudenosaunee; Susquehanna; Lenape; Ohio | Seven Years War Alliance |
| 1760, September 5 | Murray Treaty | Longueuil | Wendat; British | |
| 1760 | Treaty of Oswegatchie | |||
| 1760 | Treaty of Kahnawake | |||
| 1762 | Treaty of Lancaster | Pennsylvania | ||
| 1764, January | Conferences | British; Haudenosaunee | Royal Proclamation | |
| 1764, July-August | Treaty of Niagara | Fort Niagara | British; Odawa; Algonquin; Nipissing; Wendat; Cree; Haudenosaunee; peoples from as far as the Mississippi River, Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia | Royal Proclamation; peace; Two Row Wampum; extending the Covenant Chain |
| 1766 | 1766 Wampum Belt | Anishinaabeg and/or Haudenosaunee | ||
| 1768, November 5 | Treaty of Fort Stanwix | Fort Stanwix | Haudenosaunee; British | Land |
| 1774 | Treaty of Pittsburgh | Virginia; Continental Congress; Lenape; Haudenosaunee | USA western border | |
| c. 1781-1794 | John Graves Simcoe Wampum Belt | British; Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabeg, and/or Wendat | ||
| 1783, October 9 | Crawford Purchase | North shore of the St. Lawrence | British; Mississauga | Land; Loyalist settlement |
| 1783 | Treaty of Paris | Paris, France | British; USA | Peace and territory of Canada and the USA |
| 1784, May 22 | Mississauga Surrender | Grand River | British; Mississauga | Land for Haudenosaunee re-settlement |
| 1784, October 22 | Treaty of Fort Stanwix | Fort Stanwix | Seneca; USA | Land |
| 1784, October 25 | Haldimand Tract Proclamation | Grand River | British; Haudenosaunee | Land; Haudenosaunee reservation |
| 1785, January 21 | Treaty of Fort McIntosh | Pennsylvania | USA; Wyandotte; Lenape; Ojibwe; Odawa; Shawnee | Land; captives; forts; Ohio country |
| 1785 | New York | New York; Oneida | Illegal land cession | |
| 1786 | Treaty of Fort Finney | Mouth of the Great Miami River | USA; Wyandotte; Lenape; Shawnee | |
| 1787 | Toronto Purchase | Toronto | British; Mississauga | Land |
| 1788 | Gunshot Treaty | East of Toronto | British; Mississauga | Land |
| 1788 | New York | New York; Oneida | Illegal land cession | |
| 1789, January 9 | Treaty of Fort Harmar | USA | ||
| 1791, May 14 | Haudenosaunee; USA | Land | ||
| 1792 | Treaty of Vincennes | Wabash; Peoria; Kaskaskia; Illenois Potawatomi; USA | ||
| 1794 | Jay Treaty | USA; Canada | ||
| 1794 | Treaty of Canandaigua | New York | Haudenosaunee; USA | |
| 1795 | Treaty of Greenville | Greenville, Ohio | USA; Wyandot; Lenape; Shawnee; Odawa; Ojibwe; Potawatomi; Miami; Kickapoo; Illinois | Land; sovereignty; pre-emption |
| 1796 | St. Anne Island Treaty | Lake St. Clair | Border crossing | |
| 1797 | Treaty of Big Tree | New York state | Seneca; USA | Land |
| 1798, June 30 | St. Joseph’s Island | British; Anishinaabeg | Land | |
| 1805 | Toronto Purchase Indenture | Toronto area | Mississauga; British | Land; Mississauga rights to fishing, camps, and cultivated land |
| 1805 | Treaty of Fort Industry | West of Pennsylvania | USA | Land; Treaty of Grenville |
| 1805 | New York | USA; Oneida | Dividing reserve between Oneida of different religions | |
| 1806 | Treaty 14 | Credit River | Mississauga; British | Land |
| 1807 | 1807 Wampum Belt | Ojibwe; British | Visit to King George III | |
| 1807 | Treaty of Detroit | Detroit | USA | Land |
| 1807, March 13 | New York; Oneida | |||
| 1808, November 25 | Treaty of Brownstown | Ojibwe; Odawa; Potawatomi; Wyandott; Shawanose; USA | Land; road building | |
| 1809 | Treaty of Fort Wayne | Wabash; Lenape; USA | ||
| 1809 | New York | New York; Oneida | Land | |
| 1815 | Burlington Bay Council | Burlington Bay | British; Haudenosaunee and other allies | Reaffirmation of the Covenant Chain, Nanfan Treaty, and Great Peace of Montréal |
| 1815 | Treaty of St. Anne Island | Lake St. Clair | Border crossing | |
| 1818 | Treaty 19 | Mississauga; British | Land | |
| 1818 | Treaty 20 | Kawarthas | Mississauga; British | Land |
| 1819 | Treaty 27 | Mississauga; British | Land | |
| 1819 | USA; Anishinaabeg | Land | ||
| 1820 | Sault Ste. Marie | Michigan Territory; Anishinaabeg | Land to establish a fort | |
| 1820 | Treaty 22 | Mississauga | British; Mississauga | Land; education |
| 1820 | Treaty 23 | Mississauga | British; Mississauga | Land; education |
| 1821 | Treaty of Amherstburg | Lake St. Clair | Border crossing | |
| 1821 | Treaty of Chicago | Chicago | USA; Odawa; Potawatomi | Land |
| c. 1823 | John Brant Belt | Grand River | Haudenosaunee | Reminder of treaty relations between Haudenosaunee and British |
| 1825, August | Treaty of Prairie du Chien | Prairie du Chien | Michigan Territory; Anishinaabeg; Dakota | Peace; boundaries; subsistence; citizenship |
| 1826 | Treaty of Fond du Lac | La Pointe | Michigan Territory; Ojibwe | Citizenship; peace; land; criminal justice |
| c. 1830 | Red Jacket Belt | Haudenosaunee | ||
| 1836 | Washington Treaty of 1836 | Washington, DC | USA; Waganawkezee Odawa | Land cession and use |
| 1836 | Treaty of Manitowaning | Wiikwemkoong | Anishinaabeg; British | Movement to Manitoulin Island |
| 1838 | Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek | Haudenosaunee; USA | Land; removal | |
| 1840, January 22 | Credit River | Anishinaabeg; Haudenosaunee | Renewal of relationship | |
| 1842 | Third Treaty of Buffalo Creek | Seneca; USA | Land | |
| 1842, August 9 | Webster-Ashburton Treaty | USA; Britain | Canada/USA border | |
| 1842, October 4 | Treaty of La Pointe | La Pointe | Ojibwe; USA | Land |
| 1844, August 20 | Isle Royale Agreement | La Pointe | Anishinaabeg; USA | Land; affirmation of Treaty of La Pointe |
| 1847, June 1 | Treaty 57 / St. Regis Purchase | St. Regis | Haudenosaunee; British | Land |
| 1847, August 2 | Fond du Lac | Ojibwe; USA | ||
| 1849, June 9 | Manitoulin Island | Anishinaabeg; Haudenosaunee | Renewal of relationship; requesting to reside on Manitoulin Island | |
| 1850 | Robinson Huron Treaty | Anishinaabeg; British | Land; mining; subsistence; annuities | |
| 1850 | Robinson Superior Treaty | Anishinaabeg; British | Land; mining; subsistence; annuities | |
| 1854 | Treaty of La Pointe | La Pointe | Ojibwe; USA | Land; resources |
| 1855 | Treaty of 1855 | Washington, DC | Ojibwe; USA | |
| 1855 | Treaty of Detroit | Detroit | Anishinaabeg; USA | Re-negotiation of 1836 Treaty of Washington |
| 1857 | Fourth Treaty of Buffalo Creek | Tonawanda Seneca; USA | ||
| 1862 | Manitoulin Island Treaty | British; Anishinaabeg | ||
| 1864, May 7 | Washington, DC | Ojibwe; USA | ||
| 1867, March 19 | Washington, DC | Ojibwe; USA | ||
| 1871, August 3 | Treaty 1 / Stone Fort Treaty | Southern Manitoba | Anishinaabeg; Mushkekowuk; Canada | Peace; friendship; annuities; land |
| 1871, August 21 | Treaty 2 | Manitoba House | Anishinaabeg; Cree; Canada | Reservations; land; rights |
| 1873 | Treaty 3 | Canada; Ojibwe | Land | |
| 1875 | Treaty 5 | Lake Winnipeg | Canada; Saulteaux; Mushkekowuk | Land |
| 1900, September 25 | Grand River | Mississauga; Haudenosaunee; Canada | Co-existence of Mississaugas of the Credit River and Six Nations of the Grand River | |
| 1905, July 12 – 1906, August 9 | Treaty 9 | Northern Ontario | Cree; Ojibwe; Canada | Land; reserves; subsistence; resources |
| 1910 | Addition to Treaty 5 | Lake Winnipeg area | ||
| 1921 | US v. Boylan | New York | Oneida; USA | Land |
| 1923 | Williams Treaty | Canada; Mississauga; Ojibwe | Land | |
| 1923 | Williams Treaty | Canada; Mississauga; Ojibwe | Land | |
| 1929 | Addition to Treaty 9 | North Ontario | ||
| 1973 | Caution filed | Teme-Augama Anishnabai | Land | |
| 1974 | Oneida I Decision | Washington, DC | Oneida; USA | Land |
| 1977 | New York | USA; Oneida | Invalidity of 1795 treaty | |
| 1979 | First ICO Specific Claims | Ontario | Land | |
| 1980 | Federal Recognition of Grand Traverse Band | Peshawbestown | Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians; USA | Federal recognition |
| 1985 | CN Rail Right-of-Way | Grand River | Haudenosaunee; Canada | Land |
| 1986, February | Nishinawbe Aski Nation MOU | North Ontario | 46 northern Ontario Anishinaabeg nations; Canada; Ontario | Commitment to negotiate self-governance, land, services |
| 1989, December | Nishinawbe Aski Nation MOU Addendum | North Ontario | 46 northern Ontario Anishinaabeg nations; Canada; Ontario | Commitment to negotiate self-governance, land, services |
| 1990, November 3 | Seneca Nation Land Claims Settlement | New York | Seneca; USA | Land |
| 1990, December 5 | Manitoulin Island Land Settlement | Manitoulin Island | 5 Anishinaabeg First Nations; Ontario | Land; compensation |
| 1991, August 6 | Statement of Political Relationship | Ontario | Majority of Ontario First Nations; Ontario | Self-government |
| 1991, October 15 | Hunting agreement | Algonquins of Golden Lake; Ontario | ||
| 1992, October | Hunting agreement | Algonquins of Golden Lake; Ontario | ||
| 1991, December | Nishnawbe-Aski First Nations Without Reserves Agreement | North Ontario | Nishnawbe-Aski First Nation; Canada; Ontario | Reserves; infrastructure |
| 1992, June 2 | Framework of Guiding Principles for Future Fishing Agreements | Ontario | Anishnabek Nation; Ontario | Fishing |
| 1992, August | Treaty of Co-existence | Teme-Augama Anishinabai; Ontario | Beginning of negotiations | |
| 1994 | Federal Recognition of Little Traverse Band | Little Traverse Bay | Little Traverse Bay Odawa; USA | Federal recognition |
| 2000 | Algonquin Land Claim | Ottawa | Algonquin of Pikwakanagan; Canada | Land |
| 2010 | Toronto Purchase Settlement | Toronto | Mississauga; Canada | Land |
| 2010, June | Williams Treaty Settlement Agreement | South Ontario | Mississauga; Ojibwe; Canada | Harvesting rights |
| 2015, April 10 – 2018, April 30 | Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion Treaty | Turtle Island | 150 First Nations, including 16 Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee First Nations | Transportation through territories |