Great Lakes Treaty Timeline

Welcome to the GRASAC Treaty Timeline!

This timeline is intended for treaty education and research. It is not complete or authoritative, and it continues to be developed. Many treaties have not yet been added to the timeline. Each event has many important stories and perspectives, and only a few are included here.

Hyperlinks in the timeline lead to pages with more information and resources for further research.

Treaty maps can be found at Native-Land.ca and the Map of Ontario Treaties and Reserves.

Preliminary information in this resource was compiled by Bradley Clements, Heidi Bohaker, and GRASAC RAs. Contributors of additions and corrections are accredited in square brackets.

If you have information, events, or sources to add to the timeline, or if you would like to make a correction to it, please contact us by clicking here. Miigwetch, nia:wen, merci, thank you.

Date	Treaty/Meeting	Places	Nations	Negotiations
1142, August 31	Haudenosaunee Confederation	Onondaga	Kanyen’kehà:ka; Oneida; Onondaga; Cayuga; Seneca	The Great Law of Peace
c. mid-1100s	Dish With One Spoon	Lake Ontario region	Haudenosaunee; later extended to Anishinaabeg and others	Sharing and caring for land and food sources
1603		Tadoussac	French; Montagnais; Algonquin; Maliseet	Alliance
1609	French-Huron Alliance		French; Wendat	Alliance
1613	Two Row Wampum / Kaswentha	Fort Orange (Albany)	Kanyen’kehà:ka; Dutch; later extended to British	Friendship; sovereignty; co-existence
1624		Trois-Rivières	French; Haudenosaunee	Peace agreement
1637	Peace Path Belt and Double Calumet Belt		Wendat; Tionontate
c. 1639-1649	Jesuit Missionary Belt		Wendat; French
1643		Fort Orange (Albany)	Kanyen’kehà:ka; Dutch	Alliance
1645	Treaty of Trois-Rivières	Trois-Rivières	Kanyen’kehà:ka; French; Wendat; Algonquin; Montagnais; Attikamek	Peace agreement
c. 1600s	Black Hawk Belt / Saux Belt		Haudenosaunee; Saux	Conclusion of Saux assistance to Haudenosaunee in resisting European territorial incursion
c. 1600s	French Mission Belt		Haudenosaunee; French	Allowing four missions in Haudenosaunee territory
1651	Treaty of Sillery	Near Québec	Jesuits; Abenaki	Reserve
1653		Montréal	Haudenosaunee; French	French neutrality in Haudenosaunee conflicts
1664, September	Fort Albany Treaty	Albany	Haudenosaunee; British	Passing Kaswentha from Dutch to British; gifts; protection
1665	Treaty of Québec	Québec	Haudenosaunee; French
1667	Treaty of Québec	Québec	Kanyen’kehà:ka; Oneida; French and allies
1677	Covenant Chain Agreement / Treaty of Albany	Albany	Haudenosaunee (four of the five nations); British (New York; Maryland; Virginia)	Foundation of relationship; almost annual councils occurred for the following century
1684	Treaty of La Famine	La Famine	Haudenosaunee; French	Pacifying a failed French campaign against the Haudenosaunee
1688	Failed negotiation		French; Haudenosaunee
1691, June	Polishing Covenant Chain	Albany	Haudenosaunee; New York	Haudenosaunee seeking to extend Covenant Chain to other British colonies
1694	Treaty of Albany
1694, May	Conference	Québec	French and allies; Haudenosaunee
1697, February	Conference	Montréal	Oneida; French
1697, February	Conference	Québec	Kanyen’kehà:ka; French
1697, August	Conference	Montréal	Oneida; French
1697, November	Conference	Québec	Oneida; Onondaga; French
1699, January	Conference	Montréal	Oneida; Onondaga; French
1699, March	Conference	Montréal	Onondaga; Oneida
1699, September	Conference	Montréal	Onondaga
1700, March	Conference	Montréal	Onondaga; Seneca; French
1700, July	Conference	Montréal	Onondaga; Seneca; French
1700, August	Conference	Onondaga	French; Haudenosaunee
1700, September	Treaty of Montréal	Montréal	Haudenosaunee (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, all also representing Oneida); La Montagne; Sault Iroquois; Abenaki; Huron-Petun; Odawa; French
1701	Dish With One Spoon	Sault Ste. Marie	Haudenosaunee; Anishinaabeg	Extension of the Dish With One Spoon
1701, March	Conference	Québec	Onondaga; French
1701, May	Conference	Michilimackinac
1701, June	Conference	Onondaga	French; Onondaga
1701, July 12 – 21	Nanfan Treaty	Albany	British; Haudenosaunee	Protection of Haudenosaunee hunting grounds; land
1701, July 21 – 22	Conference	Kahnawake
1701, July 23 – August 7	The Great Peace of Montréal	Montréal	French; Haudenosaunee; Amikwa; Cree; Fox/Outagamis; Gens des Terres; Huron-Petun/Tionontati; Illinois; Kickapoo; Mascouten; Menominee; Miami; Mississauga; Nipissing; Odawa; Ojibwe/Saulteur; Potawatomi; Sauk; Timiskaming; Winnebago/Puant/Otchagra	Peace among the parties; French arbitration; Dish With One Spoon extended
c. 1700s	Three Rectangle Wampum Belt		Haudenosaunee and/or Anishinaabeg
c. 1710-1812	Four Nations Alliance Belt		Wendat
1722			Tuscarora; Haudenosaunee	The Tuscarora nation joins the Haudenosaunee Confederacy
1723			Haudenosaunee; British
c. 1730-1740	William Penn Belt	Pennsylvania	Haudenosaunee; British
1742	Treaty of Easton
1744	Treaty of Lancaster	Shenandoah Valley	Haudenosaunee; British	Land
1746	Treaty of Albany	Albany
1748	Treaty of Lancaster		Haudenosaunee; Lenape; British	Land
c. 1750-1850			Lenape; Anishinaabeg
1752, June 13	Treaty of Logstown	Logstown		Land
1753, June	Conference	New York	Haudenosaunee; British	Mending the Covenant Chain
1753, September	Conference	New York	Haudenosaunee; British	Mending the Covenant Chain
1754	Treaty of Albany Congress	Albany		Land
1758	Treaty of Easton	Easton	British; Haudenosaunee; Susquehanna; Lenape; Ohio	Seven Years War Alliance
1760, September 5	Murray Treaty	Longueuil	Wendat; British
1760	Treaty of Oswegatchie
1760	Treaty of Kahnawake
1760, December	Treaty of Detroit	Detroit	Odawa; Ojibwe; British; Haudenosaunee
1762	Treaty of Lancaster	Pennsylvania
1764, January	Conferences		British; Haudenosaunee	Royal Proclamation
1764, July-August	Treaty of Niagara	Fort Niagara	British; Odawa; Algonquin; Nipissing; Wendat; Cree; Haudenosaunee; peoples from as far as the Mississippi River, Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia	Royal Proclamation; peace; Two Row Wampum; extending the Covenant Chain
1766	1766 Wampum Belt		Anishinaabeg and/or Haudenosaunee
1768, November 5	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	Fort Stanwix	Haudenosaunee; British	Land
c. 1770-1780	Beaver Wampum Belt		Seneca; Wendat
1774	Treaty of Pittsburgh		Virginia; Continental Congress; Lenape; Haudenosaunee	USA western border
1775, June		Michilimackinac	Dakota; Ojibwe	Truce; trade
1779, December 4		Sandusky	Mingo; Wendat; Lenape; Shawnee; British	Alliance
1780	Grand War Council	Wakeetomike	Ojibwe; British	Alliance
1781	Mississauga Treaty	Niagara
c. 1781-1794	John Graves Simcoe Wampum Belt		British; Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabeg, and/or Wendat
1783, October 9	Crawford Purchase	North shore of the St. Lawrence	British; Mississauga	Land; Loyalist settlement
1783	Treaty of Paris	Paris, France	British; USA	Peace and territory of Canada and the USA
1784, May 22	Mississauga Surrender	Grand River	British; Mississauga	Land for Haudenosaunee re-settlement
1784, October 22	Treaty of Fort Stanwix	Fort Stanwix	Seneca; USA	Land
1784, October 25	Haldimand Tract Proclamation	Grand River	British; Haudenosaunee	Land; Haudenosaunee reservation
1785, January 21	Treaty of Fort McIntosh	Pennsylvania	USA; Wyandotte; Lenape; Ojibwe; Odawa; Shawnee	Land; captives; forts; Ohio country
1785		New York	New York; Oneida	Illegal land cession
1786	Treaty of Fort Finney	Mouth of the Great Miami River	USA; Wyandotte; Lenape; Shawnee
1787	Toronto Purchase	Toronto	British; Mississauga	Land
1788	Gunshot Treaty	East of Toronto	British; Mississauga	Land
1788		New York	New York; Oneida	Illegal land cession
1789, January 9	Treaty of Fort Harmar
1791, May 14			Haudenosaunee; USA	Land
1792	Treaty of Vincennes		Wabash; Peoria; Kaskaskia; Illenois Potawatomi; USA
1792	Treaty 3
1794	Jay Treaty		USA; Canada
1794	Treaty of Canandaigua	New York	Haudenosaunee; USA
1795	Treaty of Greenville	Greenville, Ohio	USA; Wyandot; Lenape; Shawnee; Odawa; Ojibwe; Potawatomi; Miami; Kickapoo; Illinois	Land; sovereignty; pre-emption
1796	St. Anne Island Treaty	Lake St. Clair		Border crossing
1797	Treaty of Big Tree	New York state	Seneca; USA	Land
1797	Treaty 8	Brant Tract
1798, June 30		St. Joseph’s Island	British; Anishinaabeg	Land
1805	Treaty 13	Toronto area	Mississauga; British	Land; Mississauga rights to fishing, camps, and cultivated land
1805	Treaty of Fort Industry	West of Pennsylvania	USA	Land; Treaty of Grenville
1805		New York	USA; Oneida	Dividing reserve between Oneida of different religions
1806	Treaty 14	Credit River	Mississauga; British	Land
1807	1807 Wampum Belt		Ojibwe; British	Visit to King George III
1807	Treaty of Detroit	Detroit	USA	Land
1807, March 13			New York; Oneida
1808, November 25	Treaty of Brownstown		Ojibwe; Odawa; Potawatomi; Wyandott; Shawanose; USA	Land; road building
1809	Treaty of Fort Wayne		Wabash; Lenape; USA
1809		New York	New York; Oneida	Land
1815	Burlington Bay Council	Burlington Bay	British; Haudenosaunee and other allies	Reaffirmation of the Covenant Chain, Nanfan Treaty, and Great Peace of Montréal
1815	Treaty of St. Anne Island	Lake St. Clair		Border crossing
1815, November 17	Treaty 16
1817, June 7	Council	York garrison
1817, October 17	Council	King township
1818, October 7	Treaty 18	Lake Simcoe	Ojibwe; British	Land
1818, October 27-29	Treaty 19	Credit River	Mississauga; British	Land
1818, November 5	Treaty 20	Kawarthas	Mississauga; British	Land
1819	Treaty 21		Mississauga; British	Land
1819	Treaty of Saginaw		USA; Anishinaabeg	Land
1820, June 16	Treaty 110	Sault Ste. Marie	Michigan Territory; Anishinaabeg	Land to establish a fort
1820	Conference	Fort Snelling	Ojibwe; Dakota
1820	Treaty 22	Mississauga	British; Mississauga	Land; education
1820	Treaty 23	Mississauga	British; Mississauga	Land; education
1821	Treaty of Amherstburg	Lake St. Clair		Border crossing
1821	Treaty of Chicago	Chicago	USA; Odawa; Potawatomi	Land
c. 1823	John Brant Belt	Grand River	Haudenosaunee	Reminder of treaty relations between Haudenosaunee and British
1825, August	Treaty of Prairie du Chien	Prairie du Chien	Michigan Territory; Anishinaabeg; Dakota	Peace; boundaries; subsistence; citizenship
1826	Treaty of Fond du Lac	La Pointe	Michigan Territory; Ojibwe	Citizenship; peace; land; criminal justice
c. 1830	Red Jacket Belt		Haudenosaunee
1836	Washington Treaty of 1836	Washington, DC	USA; Waganawkezee Odawa	Land cession and use
1836	Treaty of Manitowaning	Wiikwemkoong	Anishinaabeg; British	Movement to Manitoulin Island
1837		Confluence of Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers	Ojibwe; Dakota; USA
1838	Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek		Haudenosaunee; USA	Land; removal
1840, January 21-22		Credit River	Anishinaabeg; Haudenosaunee	Renewal of relationship
1842	Third Treaty of Buffalo Creek		Seneca; USA	Land
1842, August 9	Webster-Ashburton Treaty		USA; Britain	Canada/USA border
1842, October 4	Treaty of La Pointe	La Pointe	Ojibwe; USA	Land
1844, August 20	Isle Royale Agreement	La Pointe	Anishinaabeg; USA	Land; affirmation of Treaty of La Pointe
1847, June 1	Treaty 57 / St. Regis Purchase	St. Regis	Haudenosaunee; British	Land
1847, August 2		Fond du Lac	Ojibwe; USA
1849, June 9		Manitoulin Island	Anishinaabeg; Haudenosaunee	Renewal of relationship; requesting to reside on Manitoulin Island
1850	Robinson Superior Treaty		Anishinaabeg; British	Land; resources; subsistence; annuities
1850, September 9	Robinson Huron Treaty	Sault Ste. Marie	Anishinaabeg; British	Land; resources; subsistence; annuities
1854	Treaty of La Pointe	La Pointe	Ojibwe; USA	Land; resources
1855	Treaty of 1855	Washington, DC	Ojibwe; USA
1855	Treaty of Detroit	Detroit	Anishinaabeg; USA	Re-negotiation of 1836 Treaty of Washington
1857	Fourth Treaty of Buffalo Creek		Tonawanda Seneca; USA
1862	Manitoulin Island Treaty		British; Anishinaabeg
1864, May 7		Washington, DC	Ojibwe; USA
1867, March 19		Washington, DC	Ojibwe; USA
1871, August 3	Treaty 1 / Stone Fort Treaty	South Manitoba	Anishinaabeg; Mushkekowuk; Canada	Peace; friendship; annuities; land
1871, August 21	Treaty 2	Manitoba House	Anishinaabeg; Cree; Canada	Reservations; land; rights
1873	Treaty 3		Canada; Ojibwe	Land
1875	Treaty 5	Lake Winnipeg	Canada; Saulteaux; Mushkekowuk	Land
1900, September 25		Grand River	Mississauga; Haudenosaunee; Canada	Co-existence of Mississaugas of the Credit River and Six Nations of the Grand River
1905, July 12 – 1906, August 9	Treaty 9	North Ontario	Cree; Ojibwe; Canada	Land; reserves; subsistence; resources
1910	Addition to Treaty 5	Lake Winnipeg area
1921	US v. Boylan	New York	Oneida; USA	Land
1923	Williams Treaty	South Ontario	Mississauga; Canada; Ontario	Land; harvesting rights
1923	Williams Treaty	South Ontario	Ojibwe; Canada; Ontario	Land; harvesting rights
1929	Addition to Treaty 9	North Ontario
1973	Caution filed		Teme-Augama Anishnabai	Land
1974	Oneida I Decision	Washington, DC	Oneida; USA	Land
1977		New York	USA; Oneida	Invalidity of 1795 treaty
1979	First ICO Specific Claims	Ontario		Land
1980	Federal Recognition of Grand Traverse Band	Peshawbestown	Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians; USA	Federal recognition
1985	CN Rail Right-of-Way	Grand River	Haudenosaunee; Canada	Land
1986, February	Nishinawbe Aski Nation MOU	North Ontario	46 northern Ontario Anishinaabeg nations; Canada; Ontario	Commitment to negotiate self-governance, land, services
1989, December	Nishinawbe Aski Nation MOU Addendum	North Ontario	46 northern Ontario Anishinaabeg nations; Canada; Ontario	Commitment to negotiate self-governance, land, services
1990, November 3	Seneca Nation Land Claims Settlement	New York	Seneca; USA	Land
1990, December 5	Manitoulin Island Land Settlement	Manitoulin Island	5 Anishinaabeg First Nations; Ontario	Land; compensation
1991, August 6	Statement of Political Relationship	Ontario	Majority of Ontario First Nations; Ontario	Self-government
1991, October 15	Hunting agreement		Algonquins of Golden Lake; Ontario
1992, October	Hunting agreement		Algonquins of Golden Lake; Ontario
1991, December	Nishnawbe-Aski First Nations Without Reserves Agreement	North Ontario	Nishnawbe-Aski First Nation; Canada; Ontario	Land; infrastructure
1992, June 2	Framework of Guiding Principles for Future Fishing Agreements	Ontario	Anishnabek Nation; Ontario	Fishing
1992, August	Treaty of Co-existence		Teme-Augama Anishinabai; Ontario	Beginning of negotiations
1994	Federal Recognition of Little Traverse Band	Little Traverse Bay	Little Traverse Bay Odawa; USA	Federal recognition
1994	R. v. Howard	South Ontario	Mississauga; Canada	Harvesting rights
2000	Algonquin Land Claim	Ottawa	Algonquin of Pikwakanagan; Canada	Land
2010	Toronto Purchase Settlement	Toronto	Mississauga; Canada	Land
2010, June	Williams Treaty Settlement Agreement	South Ontario	Mississauga; Ojibwe; Canada	Harvesting rights
2015, April 10 – 2018, April 30	Alliance Against Tar Sands Expansion Treaty	Turtle Island	150 First Nations, including 16 Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee First Nations	Infrastructure; land
2018, November 17	Alderville Settlement Agreement	South Ontario	Mississauga; Ojibwe; Canada; Ontario	Land; harvesting rights
2018, December 21	Restoule v. Canada	North shore of Lake Huron	Anishinaabeg; Canada	Annuities