{"id":1636,"date":"2022-02-18T17:29:31","date_gmt":"2022-02-18T17:29:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=1636"},"modified":"2022-11-30T19:51:12","modified_gmt":"2022-11-30T19:51:12","slug":"treaty-of-niagara","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=1636","title":{"rendered":"Treaty of Niagara"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Compiled by Amelia Healey, GRASAC Research Assistant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A silver medal with a relief image of two seated people with a pipe under a tree in the foreground and a landscape featuring houses and vessels on water in the background. Text at the top reads &quot;HAPPY WHILE UNITED&quot; and at the bottom is the date &quot;1764&quot;.\" class=\"wp-image-1638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal-320x321.jpg 320w, https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Treaty-of-Niagara-medal.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Treaty of Niagara Alliance Medal, 1764. Library and Archives Canada. Accession no. 1986-79-1612\/ e010933865<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>July 8 \u2013 early August, 1764<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Places<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Fort Niagara, New York<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nations and Representatives<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Britain<\/strong><ul><li>Represented by Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Western Confederacy<\/strong> (based on Alan Ojiig Corbiere\u2019s (2019, 197) transcription of William Johnson\u2019s published papers)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Algonquin &amp; Nipissing<\/strong><ul><li>Represented by Wabikackeck or White Hawk<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Chipeweigh <\/strong>(Ojibwe)<ul><li>Represented by Shownannicaboa, Kagaisse, Sowwongibbey<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Christinox <\/strong>(Cree)<ul><li>Represented by Ogewetassin<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Mississauga<\/strong><ul><li>Represented by Wabbicommicott (Wabbicomicot), Weynakibio, Estawabey<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Menominee<\/strong><ul><li>Represented by Grand Pee, Chicconaway, Succamoy or \u201cMusketo\u201d, Wabashogo or \u201cWhite Crab\u201d, Wenosachey or \u201cBever [sic]\u201d<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Ottawas <\/strong>(Odawa)<ul><li>Represented by Bindanouan, Cashkokey, Teckamus, Otchinggwas, Pemmassad, Shawwamusse, Otchibauscasigon, Kiocuskcum (Kiwegoshkum), Egorniney (Egominey, Negominey), Nosawaquet (Nissawaquot, etc), Mackakeeman (Mechukimon), Piggagun (Piggagoonin)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Puans<\/strong> (Puoans, Winnebago, Ho-Chunk)<ul><li>Represented by Winosigo<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Reynards <\/strong>(Fox, Outagamies)<ul><li>Represented by Nonoh<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Sauk <\/strong>(Sakis, Sacs, Sakeys)<ul><li>Represented by Weshion (Washiboo), Akousy (Aukussey)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Toughkamawiman <\/strong>(Toughkamiwan)<ul><li>Represented by Shuckey \u201cThe Crane\u201d<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Six Nations Confederacy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Cayuga<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Caughnawagas <\/strong>(Kahnawake)<\/li><li><strong>Cannesadagas <\/strong>(Kahnasatake)<\/li><li><strong>Conoys<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Mohawk<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Mohicans<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Nanticokes<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Onondaga<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Oneida<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Seneca<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Tuscarora<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Negotiations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Renewed and extended relationships under the Covenant Chain alliance<\/li><li>Peace between the British and Indigenous partners; end of the &#8220;French Indian War&#8221;<\/li><li>Royal Proclamation of 1763<\/li><li>Offensive and defensive agreement<\/li><li>Trade<\/li><li>Release of prisoners<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prior Negotiations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Dish With One Spoon Treaty, mid-1100s<\/li><li>Two Row Wampum, 1613<\/li><li>Fort Albany Treaty, 1664<\/li><li>Nanfan Treaty, 1701<\/li><li>Albany Conference, June 1754<\/li><li>1761 Alliance, Detroit<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Subsequent Negotiations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wyandot-British peace treaty, July 1764<\/li><li>Seneca-British peace treaty, August 1764<\/li><li>Treaty of Fort Niagara, 1781<\/li><li>McKee Treaty, No. 2, 1790<\/li><li>Toronto Purchase, Treaty 13, 1805<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2211\">Treaty 18, 1818<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2215\">Treaty 19, 1818<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2221\">Treaty 20, 1818<\/a><\/li><li>Manitoulin Island Treaty, 1836<\/li><li>Robinson Superior Treaty, 1850<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2391\">Robinson Huron Treaty, 1850<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2169\">Williams Treaties, 1923<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Primary Documents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>The Papers of Sir William Johnson&nbsp;<\/em>(Albany: University of the State of New York, 1921-1965).<ul><li>General Index of <em>The Papers of Sir William Johnson <\/em>available through Internet Archive. <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/ameliahealey\/Library\/Containers\/com.microsoft.Word\/Data\/Library\/Preferences\/AutoRecovery\/o%09https:\/archive.org\/details\/papersofsirwilli14johnuoft\">https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/papersofsirwilli14johnuoft<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Niagara Covenant Chain Belt. Reproduction, featuring date 1764 and two human figures.<ul><li>Digital copy is available through the Canadian Museum of History. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/collections\/artifact\/2515318\">https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/collections\/artifact\/2515318<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><em>1764 George III Indian Chief Medal, Happy While United<\/em>. Featuring Library and Archives Canada \/ Acc. No. 1986-79-1612 \/ e01093386.<ul><li>Digital copy is available through Library and Archives Canada. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bac-lac.gc.ca\/eng\/CollectionSearch\/Pages\/record.aspx?app=FonAndCol&amp;IdNumber=2851169\">https:\/\/www.bac-lac.gc.ca\/eng\/CollectionSearch\/Pages\/record.aspx?app=FonAndCol&amp;IdNumber=2851169<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heritage Items<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Assikinawk&#8217;s Reading of the 1764 Covenant Chain Belt and the 22 Nations Belt (Archival Document). LAC, RG10, Volume 613, pp.440-442. October 21, 1851. GKS ID 894.<\/li><li>Assiginack&#8217;s Canoe. Made by Jean Baptiste Assiginack (Odawa), 1815-1827. Canadian Museum of History. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/collections\/artifact\/37185\">Accession no. III-M-10 a-n<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/gks.grasac.org\/item\/1058\">GKS ID 1058<\/a>.<ul><li>Virtual Exhibition: <a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=397\">Four Views of a Model Canoe<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Minutes of a Meeting held with all of the &#8220;Western Indians&#8221; in their Camp with Sir William Johnson. Milton W. Hamilton., ed. The Papers of Sir William Johnson, Volume XI (Albany: The University of the State of New York, 1953) pp. 308-313. GKS ID 678.<\/li><li>Notice to Traders from Sir William Johnson, July 19, 1764. In \u201cThe papers of Sir William Johnson, Volume 4,\u201d prepared for publication by the Division of Archives and History, pg 490. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1925. GKS ID: 58845.<\/li><li>Sir William Johnson to Cadwallader Colden, August 23, 1764. In \u201cThe papers of Sir William Johnson, Volume 4,\u201d prepared for publication by the Division of Archives and History, pg 511-514. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1925. GKS ID: 58846.<\/li><li>Sir William Johnson to the Earl of Halifax, August 30, 1764. In \u201cDocuments relative to the colonial history of the state of New-York, Volume 7,\u201d procured by John Romeyn Brodhead, edited by F.B. O&#8217;Callaghan, pg 647. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1856. GKS ID: 58847.<\/li><li>Sir William Johnson to the Lords of Trade, August 30, 1764. In \u201cDocuments relative to the colonial history of the state of New-York, Volume 7,\u201d procured by John Romeyn Brodhead, edited by F.B. O&#8217;Callaghan, pg 648-650. Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1856. GKS ID: 58848.<\/li><li>Sir William Johnson to Thomas Gage, January 27, 1764. In \u201cThe papers of Sir William Johnson, Volume 4,\u201d prepared for publication by the Division of Archives and History, pg 307-308. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1925. GKS ID: 58833.<\/li><li>Thomas Gage to Sir William Johnson, June 10, 1764. In \u201cThe papers of Sir William Johnson, Volume 4,\u201d prepared for publication by the Division of Archives and History, pg 446-448. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1925. GKS ID: 58842.<\/li><li>WAMPUM RECORDS OF THE OTTAWAS. Archival document. Annual Archaeological Report 1901. Printed by Order of the Legislative Assembly. Toronto: 1902. GKS ID 666.<\/li><li>1764 Niagara Covenant Chain Wampum Belt. Made by Ken Maracle, 2016. Canadian Museum of History. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/collections\/artifact\/2515318\">Accession no. 2016.48; Artifact no. LH2016.48.2<\/a>.<\/li><li>Treaty of Niagara Alliance Medal, 1764. Library and Archives Canada. Accession no. 1986-79-1612\/e010933865.<\/li><li>Royal Proclamation of 1763. Library and Archives Canada, MIKAN 1386632.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Language Items<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gks.grasac.org\/item\/57415\">odriyohsr\u0119da\u02c0\u01ebh<\/a>&nbsp;(verbal noun, Gayogoho:n\u01eb\u02c0 (Cayuga)): peace (literally, the war has ended)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gks.grasac.org\/item\/55251\">degaihwakah\u01eb\u02c0<\/a> (verbal noun, Gayogoho:n\u01eb\u02c0 (Cayuga)): alliance<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gks.grasac.org\/item\/58583\">Tganawai:\u02c0<\/a> (verbal noun, Gayogoho:n\u01eb\u02c0 (Cayuga)): Niagara-On-The-Lake<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gks.grasac.org\/item\/17802\">meshkdoonaa<\/a> (transitive animated verb (vta), Nishnaabemwin (Odawa\/Eastern Ojibwe)): exchange sth. (an.), trade sth. (an.) in<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/gks.grasac.org\/item\/55353\">deh\u0119n\u0119dadawihs<\/a> (verbal noun, Gayogoho:n\u01eb\u02c0 (Cayuga)): trades, commerce, barter<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Secondary Sources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Borrows, John. \u201cWampum at Niagara: Canadian Legal History, Self-Government, and the Royal Proclamation.\u201d In Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference, edited by Michael Asch. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 1998.<\/li><li>Corbiere, Alan. \u201cAnishinaabe Treaty-Making in the 18th- and 19th-Century Northern Great Lakes: From Shared Meanings to Epistemological Chasms.\u201d York University, September 2017.<\/li><li>Williams, Paul. \u201cThe Chain.\u201d Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, March 1982. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/303260875\/A0F55311A25D4100PQ\/1?accountid=1477<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Alan Corbiere: 250th Anniversary of the Treaty of Niagara\" width=\"610\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aGMIyGtyT7E?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Alan Ojiig Corbiere. \u201c250<sup>th<\/sup> Anniversary of the Treaty of Niagara.\u201d The Centre for Indigenous Studies. 14 December 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Forgotten Promise of Niagara\" width=\"610\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mRfeehn8lVc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Hayden King, Eva Jewel, &amp; Vanessa Dion-Fletcher. \u201cThe Forgotten Promise of Niagara.\u201d Polishing the Chain: Treaty Relations in Toronto. 31 January 2022.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Canadian Museum of History. \u201cThe Covenant Chain, Royal Proclamation and Treaty of Niagara.\u201d Accessed 13 January 13 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/history-hall\/covenant-chain-royal-proclamation-treaty-niagara\/\">https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/history-hall\/covenant-chain-royal-proclamation-treaty-niagara\/<\/a>.<\/li><li>Government of Ontario, Newsroom. \u201cCommemorating the Treaty of Fort Niagara: 250 Years of Shared History: Ontario, First Nations Partners Mark Significant Anniversary.\u201d 1 August 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/news.ontario.ca\/en\/release\/30080\/commemorating-the-treaty-of-fort-niagara-250-years-of-shared-history\">https:\/\/news.ontario.ca\/en\/release\/30080\/commemorating-the-treaty-of-fort-niagara-250-years-of-shared-history<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If you have information, events, or sources to add to this page, or if you would like to make a correction to it, please&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?page_id=95\">contact us by clicking here<\/a>. Miigwetch, nia:wen, merci, thank you.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Return to the <a href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?page_id=1324\">GRASAC Treaty Timeline<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Compiled by Amelia Healey, GRASAC Research Assistant Overview Dates July 8 \u2013 early August, 1764 Places Fort Niagara, New York Nations and Representatives Britain Represented by Sir William Johnson, Superintendent of Indian Affairs The Western Confederacy (based on Alan Ojiig Corbiere\u2019s (2019, 197) transcription of William Johnson\u2019s published papers) Algonquin &amp; Nipissing Represented by Wabikackeck&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=1636\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1636","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-treaties","7":"entry","8":"has-post-thumbnail"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1636","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1636"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1636\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2465,"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1636\/revisions\/2465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1636"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1636"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1636"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}