{"id":2211,"date":"2022-11-10T18:52:51","date_gmt":"2022-11-10T18:52:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2211"},"modified":"2022-11-30T19:52:27","modified_gmt":"2022-11-30T19:52:27","slug":"treaty-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2211","title":{"rendered":"Treaty 18"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Compiled by Amelia Healey, GRASAC Research Assistant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Treaty 18, \u201cChippewa Indians 1,592,000 Acres Huron Tract – Home District – IT 058.\u201d October 17, 1818. LAC, RG10, Volume number: 1842\/IT058, Microfilm reel number: T-9938. https:\/\/recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca\/eng\/home\/record?app=FonAndCol&IdNumber=3951534&q=Provisional%20Agreement%20with%20the%20Chippewa<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Treaty, or Treaty 18, was made between the Chippewa near Lake Simcoe (the current Chippewa of Rama First Nation, Chippewas of Beausoleil First Nation, and the Chippewas of Georgina Island) and the colonial government of Upper Canada. On October 17, 1818, Mississauga leaders including Chief Musquakie (or Yellowhead), and colonial officials met near the Holland River in the Township of King to negotiate the treaty and sign. Treaty 18 outlines the surrender of 1,592,000 acres of land (encompassing current-day communities such as Collingwood and Bradford) in exchange for an annual payment of \u00a31200 in goods \u201cat the Montreal price\u201d in perpetuity.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Chippewa leaders surrendered the land directly to the Crown in a public council, following protocol rooted in the 1763 Royal Proclamation and the 1764 Treaty of Niagara. These legal documents and agreements confirmed that settlers could not use land without a collectively negotiated treaty. Despite this, the Anishinaabeg in then-Upper Canada experienced frequent settler encroachment on their unceded land. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous Peoples, including the Chippewa, experienced hardship with infectious diseases, the colonization of hunting and fishing grounds, and increasing colonial policies and practices, particularly after the War of 1812 and Canadian Confederation in 1867. When negotiating Treaty 18, Chief Musquakie requested that the colonial government provide them with a doctor, though none was guaranteed in the treaty text.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upper Canada sought to secure more land to settle British immigrants following the War of 1812, when the settler population of the province increased from 95,000 in 1814, to 186,488 in 1828. In need of essential resources, other Anishinaabe Peoples signed treaties with the Crown, including the Mississaugas of the Credit (Treaty 19) and the Michi Saagiig near Rice Lake (Treaty 20). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n