{"id":2221,"date":"2022-11-10T19:04:13","date_gmt":"2022-11-10T19:04:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2221"},"modified":"2022-11-30T19:55:20","modified_gmt":"2022-11-30T19:55:20","slug":"treaty-20","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/grasac.artsci.utoronto.ca\/?p=2221","title":{"rendered":"Treaty 20"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Compiled by Amelia Healey, GRASAC Research Assistant<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Treaty 20, \u201cProvisional Agreement with the Rice Lake Chiefs for the surrender of 1,951,000 Acres of Land – IT 061.\u201d November 5, 1818, RG 10, Volume number: 1842\/IT061, Microfilm reel number: T-9938. https:\/\/recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca\/eng\/home\/record?app=FonAndCol&IdNumber=3951713&q=Provisional%20Agreement<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Rice Lake Treaty, or Treaty 20, was made between the Michi Sagiig near Rice Lake (contemporary Hiawatha First Nation, Curve Lake First Nation, and the Mississauga of Scugog Island) and colonial government of Upper Canada. On November 5, 1818, Michi Saagiig leaders and colonial officials met near Smith\u2019s Creek, in current-day Port Hope, to negotiate and sign the treaty. Treaty 20 outlines the surrender of 1,951,000 acres of land (encompassing regions such as Lindsay and Peterborough) in exchange for an annual payment of \u00a3740 in goods \u201cat the Montreal price\u201d in perpetuity. After the treaty was signed, the signatories met again to adjust the annual payments, changing them to \u00a310 in goods for each adult and child. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Michi Saagiig leaders surrendered the land directly to the Crown in a public council, following protocol rooted in the 1763 Royal Proclamation and the 1764 Treaty of Niagara. These legal documents and agreements confirmed that settlers could not use land without a collectively negotiated treaty. Despite this, Anishinaabe Peoples in then-Upper Canada experienced frequent settler encroachment on their unceded land. The Anishinaabeg in Upper Canada experienced hardship with infectious diseases, the colonization of hunting and fishing grounds, and increasing colonial policies and practices, particularly after the War of 1812 and Canadian Confederation in 1867. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upper Canada sought to secure more land to settle British immigrants following the War of 1812, when the settler population of the province increased from 95,000 in 1814, to 186,488 in 1828. In need of essential resources, other Anishinaabe Peoples signed treaties with the Crown in 1818 as well, including the Chippewas of Lake Simcoe (Treaty 18) and the Mississaugas of the Credit (Treaty 19). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n